diff --git a/src/UICaption.cpp b/src/UICaption.cpp
index 9001333..5daddaf 100644
--- a/src/UICaption.cpp
+++ b/src/UICaption.cpp
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ UIDrawable* UICaption::click_at(sf::Vector2f point)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-void UICaption::render(sf::Vector2f offset)
+void UICaption::render(sf::Vector2f offset, sf::RenderTarget& target)
 {
     text.move(offset);
-    Resources::game->getWindow().draw(text);
+    //Resources::game->getWindow().draw(text);
+    target.draw(text);
     text.move(-offset);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/UICaption.h b/src/UICaption.h
index bf01a96..2dfdc17 100644
--- a/src/UICaption.h
+++ b/src/UICaption.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class UICaption: public UIDrawable
 {
 public:
     sf::Text text;
-    void render(sf::Vector2f) override final;
+    void render(sf::Vector2f, sf::RenderTarget&) override final;
     PyObjectsEnum derived_type() override final;
     virtual UIDrawable* click_at(sf::Vector2f point) override final;
 
diff --git a/src/UIDrawable.cpp b/src/UIDrawable.cpp
index a710095..693d5f6 100644
--- a/src/UIDrawable.cpp
+++ b/src/UIDrawable.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "UICaption.h"
 #include "UISprite.h"
 #include "UIGrid.h"
+#include "GameEngine.h"
 
 UIDrawable::UIDrawable() { click_callable = NULL;  }
 
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ void UIDrawable::click_unregister()
 
 void UIDrawable::render()
 {
-    render(sf::Vector2f());
+    render(sf::Vector2f(), Resources::game->getWindow());
 }
 
 PyObject* UIDrawable::get_click(PyObject* self, void* closure) {
diff --git a/src/UIDrawable.h b/src/UIDrawable.h
index 4e636c5..595fc93 100644
--- a/src/UIDrawable.h
+++ b/src/UIDrawable.h
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ class UIDrawable
 {
 public:
     void render();
-    virtual void render(sf::Vector2f) = 0;
+    //virtual void render(sf::Vector2f) = 0;
+    virtual void render(sf::Vector2f, sf::RenderTarget&) = 0;
     virtual PyObjectsEnum derived_type() = 0;
 
     // Mouse input handling - callable object, methods to find event's destination
diff --git a/src/UIEntity.h b/src/UIEntity.h
index b5050ff..94b700a 100644
--- a/src/UIEntity.h
+++ b/src/UIEntity.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public:
     std::vector<UIGridPointState> gridstate;
     UISprite sprite;
     sf::Vector2f position; //(x,y) in grid coordinates; float for animation
-    void render(sf::Vector2f); //override final;
+    //void render(sf::Vector2f); //override final;
 
     UIEntity();
     UIEntity(UIGrid&);
diff --git a/src/UIFrame.cpp b/src/UIFrame.cpp
index 42adc47..f382127 100644
--- a/src/UIFrame.cpp
+++ b/src/UIFrame.cpp
@@ -44,14 +44,15 @@ PyObjectsEnum UIFrame::derived_type()
     return PyObjectsEnum::UIFRAME;
 }
 
-void UIFrame::render(sf::Vector2f offset)
+void UIFrame::render(sf::Vector2f offset, sf::RenderTarget& target)
 {
     box.move(offset);
-    Resources::game->getWindow().draw(box);
+    //Resources::game->getWindow().draw(box);
+    target.draw(box);
     box.move(-offset);
 
     for (auto drawable : *children) {
-        drawable->render(offset + box.getPosition());
+        drawable->render(offset + box.getPosition(), target);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/UIFrame.h b/src/UIFrame.h
index 5875ad6..9cd5d10 100644
--- a/src/UIFrame.h
+++ b/src/UIFrame.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public:
     sf::RectangleShape box;
     float outline;
     std::shared_ptr<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<UIDrawable>>> children;
-    void render(sf::Vector2f) override final;
+    void render(sf::Vector2f, sf::RenderTarget&) override final;
     void move(sf::Vector2f);
     PyObjectsEnum derived_type() override final;
     virtual UIDrawable* click_at(sf::Vector2f point) override final;
diff --git a/src/UIGrid.cpp b/src/UIGrid.cpp
index b3331a8..0ea7d94 100644
--- a/src/UIGrid.cpp
+++ b/src/UIGrid.cpp
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ UIGrid::UIGrid(int gx, int gy, std::shared_ptr<PyTexture> _ptex, sf::Vector2f _x
 void UIGrid::update() {}
 
 
-void UIGrid::render(sf::Vector2f)
+void UIGrid::render(sf::Vector2f offset, sf::RenderTarget& target)
 {
-    output.setPosition(box.getPosition()); // output sprite can move; update position when drawing
+    output.setPosition(box.getPosition() + offset); // output sprite can move; update position when drawing
     // output size can change; update size when drawing
     output.setTextureRect(
          sf::IntRect(0, 0,
@@ -172,7 +172,8 @@ void UIGrid::render(sf::Vector2f)
 
     // render to window
     renderTexture.display();
-    Resources::game->getWindow().draw(output);
+    //Resources::game->getWindow().draw(output);
+    target.draw(output);
 
 }
 
diff --git a/src/UIGrid.h b/src/UIGrid.h
index bb09152..625af98 100644
--- a/src/UIGrid.h
+++ b/src/UIGrid.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public:
     //UIGrid(int, int, IndexTexture*, float, float, float, float);
     UIGrid(int, int, std::shared_ptr<PyTexture>, sf::Vector2f, sf::Vector2f);
     void update();
-    void render(sf::Vector2f) override final;
+    void render(sf::Vector2f, sf::RenderTarget&) override final;
     UIGridPoint& at(int, int);
     PyObjectsEnum derived_type() override final;
     //void setSprite(int);
diff --git a/src/UISprite.cpp b/src/UISprite.cpp
index 1f3a214..1441753 100644
--- a/src/UISprite.cpp
+++ b/src/UISprite.cpp
@@ -18,14 +18,16 @@ UISprite::UISprite(std::shared_ptr<PyTexture> _ptex, int _sprite_index, sf::Vect
     sprite = ptex->sprite(sprite_index, _pos, sf::Vector2f(_scale, _scale));
 }
 
+/*
 void UISprite::render(sf::Vector2f offset)
 {
     sprite.move(offset);
     Resources::game->getWindow().draw(sprite);
     sprite.move(-offset);
 }
+*/
 
-void UISprite::render(sf::Vector2f offset, sf::RenderTexture& target)
+void UISprite::render(sf::Vector2f offset, sf::RenderTarget& target)
 {
     sprite.move(offset);
     target.draw(sprite);
diff --git a/src/UISprite.h b/src/UISprite.h
index 917eec5..a831efd 100644
--- a/src/UISprite.h
+++ b/src/UISprite.h
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ public:
     UISprite();
     UISprite(std::shared_ptr<PyTexture>, int, sf::Vector2f, float);
     void update();
-    void render(sf::Vector2f) override final;
+    void render(sf::Vector2f, sf::RenderTarget&) override final;
     virtual UIDrawable* click_at(sf::Vector2f point) override final;
     
-    void render(sf::Vector2f, sf::RenderTexture&);
+    //void render(sf::Vector2f, sf::RenderTexture&);
 
     void setPosition(sf::Vector2f);
     sf::Vector2f getPosition();